Lit. Terms #5

1. parallelism-When the writer establishes similar patterns of grammatical structure and length. For instance, "King Alfred tried to make the law clear, precise, and equitable." The previous sentence has parallel structure in use of adjectives. However, the following sentence does not use parallelism: "King Alfred tried to make clear laws that had precision and were equitable."
2. parody-A parody imitates the serious manner and characteristic features of a particular literary work in order to make fun of those same features.
3. pathos-In its rhetorical sense, pathos is a writer or speaker's attempt to inspire an emotional reaction in an audience--usually a deep feeling of suffering, but sometimes joy, pride, anger, humor, patriotism, or any of a dozen other emotions.
4. pedantry- an adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish
5. personification- a figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animasl, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions
6. plot- The structure and relationship of actions and events in a work of fiction. In order for a plot to begin, some sort of catalyst is necessary.
7. poignant-evoking a keen sense of sadness or regret.
8. point of view- The way a story gets told and who tells it. It is the method of narration that determines the position, or angle of vision, from which the story unfolds.
9. postmodernism-A general (and often hotly debated) label referring to the philosophical, artistic, and literary changes and tendencies after the 1940s and 1950s up to the present day. We can speak of postmodern art, music, architecture, literature, and poetry using the same generic label.
10. prose-Any material that is not written in a regular meter like poetry.
11. protagonist-The main character in a work, on whom the author focuses most of the narrative attention.
12. pun-A play on two words similar in sound but different in meaning.
13. purpose-the reason for which something is done or created or for which something exists.
14. realism-the attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to deal with it accordingly.
15. refrain-stop oneself from doing something.
16. requiem-a Mass for the repose of the souls of the dead.
17. resolution-A French word meaning "unknotting" or "unwinding," denouement refers to the outcome or result of a complex situation or sequence of events, an aftermath or resolution that usually occurs near the final stages of the plot.
18. restatement-A revised statement
19. rhetoric-he art of persuasive argument through writing or speech--the art of eloquence and charismatic language.
20. rhetorical question-a statement that is formulated as a question but that is not supposed to be answered; "he liked to make his points with rhetorical questions"
21. rising action-The rising action of a story is the series of events that begin immediately after the exposition (introduction) of the story and builds up to the climax.
22. romanticism-a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.
23. satire-the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.
24. scansion-the action of scanning a line of verse to determine its rhythm.
25. setting- the place or type of surroundings where something is positioned or where an event takes place.

Lit. Terms #4

1. Interior monologue: A piece of writing expressing a character's inner thoughts.

2. Inversion: Reversal of the normal order of words typically for rhetorical effect.

3. Juxtaposition: The fact of two things being seen our place close together with contrasting effect.

4. Lyric: Expressing the riders emotions usually briefly and in stanzas or recognized forms.

5. Magical realism: A literary or artistic genre in which realistic narrative and naturalistic technique are combined with surreal elements of dream or fantasy.

6. Extended Metaphor: Can go on first sentences or even a paragraph.

Controlling: A symbolic story used in a poem.

Mixed: A combination of two or more incompatible metaphors; produces a ridiculous effect.

7. Metonymy: The substitution of the name of an attribute or adjuct for that of the thing meant.

8. Modernism: modern character or quality of thought, expression or technique.

9. Monologue: A long speech by want to actor in a play or movie, or as part of a theatrical or broadcast program.

10. Mood: A temporary stay of mind or feeling.

11. Motif: A decorated designer pattern.

12. Myth: A traditional story one concerning the early history of the people or explaining some natural or social phenomenon and typically involving supernatural beings or events.

13. Narrative: A spoken or written account of connected events.

14. Narrator: A person who narrates something; a character who recounts the events of a novel.

15. Naturalism: A style and theory of representation based on the accurate depiction of detail.

16. Novelette/novella: A short novel or long short story.

17. Omniscient point of view: One who can see and report everything. Has awareness.

18. Onomatopoeia: The formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named.

19. Oxymoron : A figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction.

20. Pacing: A single step taken when walking or running.

21. Parable: A simple story used to illustrate amoral of spiritual lesson.

22. Paradox: A statement or proposition that leads to a conclusion that seems senseless, logically unacceptable or self-contradictory.

Lit Terms #2

1. 1.circumlocution- a roundabout speech or writing in which many words are used but a few would have served.
   Ex.  I would have been to school on time but time just moves so quickly and it's so difficult to keep track of; time just never stops and keeps moving and moving.
    
2. classicism- art, literature, and music reflecting the principles of Ancient Greece amd Rome tradition. Ex. Shakespeare, Dante, and Dickens.
    
3. cliche- a phrase or situation overused within society. Ex. Opposites attract!
    
4. climax- the decisive point in a narrative or drama. Ex. The climax in Romeo and Juliet is when Romeo challenges Tybalt to a duel.
    
5.  colloquialism- folksy speech, slang words. Ex. Y'all wana mosey on over for a gander?
    
6. comedy- originally a nondramatic literary piece of work that was marked by a happy ending; now a term to describe a ludicrous, farcical, or amusing event designed to provide enjoyment or produce smiles and laughter.
   Ex.  Mid Summer Nights Dream
    
7. conflict-  struggle or problem in a story causing tension.
   Ex.  Hamlet has the internal conflict of how to avenge his father's death.
    
8. connotation-  implicit meaning, going beyond dictionary definition.
   Ex.  Pushy refers to someone loud-mouthed and irritating.
    
9.  contrast-  a rhetorical device by which one element is thrown into opposition to another for the sake of emphasis or clarity.
   Ex.   Black and white.
    
10. denotation-  plain dictionary definition.
    Ex.  Definition: statement of the exact meaning of a word.
     
11. denouement-  loose ends tied up in a story after the climax, closure, conclusion.
    Ex.  The denouement in Great Expectations is Pip and Estella's marriage.
     
12. dialect-  the language of a particular district.
    Ex.  Mark Twain uses dialect in a lot of his stories.
     
13. dialectics-  formal debates usually over e nature of truth.
     
14. dichotomy-  split or break between two opposing things.
    Ex.  Nature versus nurture.
     
15. diction-  the style of speaking or writing as reflected in the choice and use of words.
    Ex.  The Adventures of Hucklebery Finn and Hamlet have very distinct diction choices. didactic-  having to do with the transmission of information.
    Ex.  Teachers have a very didactic profession.
     
16. dogmatic-  rigid in beliefs and principles.
    Ex.  Perhaps we are all being a bit to dogmatic.
     
17. elegy-  a mournful, melancholy poem, especially a fimeral song or lament for the dead.
    Ex. “With the farming of a verse/Make a vineyard of the curse,/Sing of human unsuccess/In a rapture of distress;/In the deserts of the heart/Let the healing fountain start,/In the prison of his days/Teach the free man how to praise.” - "In Memory of W. B. Yeats" by W. H. Auden 
     
18. epic-  a long narrative poem unified by a hero who reflects the customs, morals, and aspirations of his nation or race as he makes his way through legendary and historic exploits.
    Ex.  Beowulf 
     
19. epigram-  witty aphorism
    Ex.  "Little strokes/Fell great oaks." - Benjamin Franklin
     
20. epitaph-  any brief inscription in prose or verse on a tombstone.
21.  
22. Epithet-  a short, descriptive name or phrase that insults someone's character.
    Ex.  You have pushed me in a delicate corner.
     
23. euphemism-  the use of an indirect, mild or vague word or expression for one thought to be coarse, offensive, or blunt.
    Ex.  Seed away instead of dieded.
     
24. evocative-  a calling forth of memories and sensations.
    Ex.  Evocative of the period was very stylish.

Lit Terms #3

 1. Exposition: A comprehensive description and explanation of an idea or theory.

2. Expressionism: The style of painting music or drama in which the artist or writer seeks to express emotional experience rather than impressions of the in the external world.

3. Fable: A short story typically with animals as characters, conveying a moral

4. Fallacy: A mistaken belief especially one based on unsound argument.

5. Falling action: The events of a drama after the climax but before the denouement.

6. Farce: A comic dramatic work using buffoonery and horseplay and typically including crude characterization and ludicrously improbable situations. 

7. Figurative language: Expressing ideas indirectly.

8. Flashback: A scene in a movie novel etc. set anytime earlier than the main story.

9. Foil: Prebend something considered Brownmoore undesirable from succeed.

10. Folk tale: A story originating in popular culture typically passed on by word-of-mouth.

11. Foreshadowing: A warning or indication of a future event.

12. Free verse: Poetry that does not Rymer have a regular meter.

13. Genre: A category of artistic composition as a music or literature characterized by similarities and form, style.

14. Gothic tale: A genre or mode of literature that combines elements of both horror and Romance. 

15. Hyperbole: Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.

16. Imagery: Visually descriptive or figurative language especially in a literary work.

17. Implication: The conclusion that can be drawn from something although not explicitly stated.

18. Incongruity: The state of being incongruous or out of keeping.

19. Inference: A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reason.

20. Irony: Expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies opposite, typically for humorous effect.

Literary Terms:1

1. allegory-a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.
2. alliteration-the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.
3. allusion-
   an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.
   "an allusion to Shakespeare"
4. ambiguity-
   uncertainty or inexactness of meaning in language.
   "we can detect no ambiguity in this section of the Act"
5. anachronism-a thing belonging or appropriate to a period other than that in which it exists, esp. a thing that is conspicuously old-fashioned.
   "everything was as it would have appeared in centuries past apart from one anachronism, a bright yellow construction crane"
6. analogy-a comparison between two things, typically on the basis of their structure and for the purpose of explanation or clarification.
   "an analogy between the workings of nature and those of human societies"
7. analysis-
   detailed examination of the elements or structure of something, typically as a basis for discussion or interpretation.
   "statistical analysis"
8. anaphora-the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses.
9. anecdote-
   a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person.
   "told anecdotes about his job"
10. antagonist-
    a person who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something; an adversary.
    "he turned to confront his antagonist"
11. antithesis-
    a person or thing that is the direct opposite of someone or something else.
    "love is the antithesis of selfishness"
12. aphorism-a pithy observation that contains a general truth, such as, “if it ain't broke, don't fix it.”.
13. apologia-
    a formal written defense of one's opinions or conduct.
    "an apologia for book banning"
14. apostrophe- apostrophe is the act of addressing some abstraction or personification that is not physically present: For instance, John Donne commands, "Oh, Death, be not proud." King Lear proclaims, "Ingratitude! thou marble-hearted fiend, / More hideous when thou show'st thee in a child / Than the sea-monster."
15. argument-: A statement of a poem's major point--usually appearing in the introduction of the poem. Spenser presents such an argument in the introduction to his eclogues, Coleridge presents such in his marginalia to The Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner, and Milton most famously presents such in Book One of Paradise Lost, where he proclaims he will "assert eternal providence / And justify the ways of God to man." Cf. thesis.
16. assumption
17. audience-The person(s) reading a text, listening to a speaker, or observing a performance.
18. characterization-An author or poet's use of description, dialogue, dialect, and action to create in the reader an emotional or intellectual reaction to a character or to make the character more vivid and realistic. Careful readers note each character's attitude and thoughts, actions and reaction, as well as any language that reveals geographic, social, or cultural background.
19. chiasmus-
    (from Greek, "cross" or "x"): A literary scheme in which the author introduces words or concepts in a particular order, then later repeats those terms or similar ones in reversed or backwards order. It involves taking parallelism and deliberately turning it inside out, creating a "crisscross" pattern. For example, consider the chiasmus that follows: "By day the frolic, and the dance by night." If we draw the words as a chart, the words form an "x" (hence the word's Greek etymology, from chi meaning "x"):
    
    The sequence is typically a b b a or a b c c b a. "I lead the life I love; I love the life I lead." "Naked I rose from the earth; to the grave I fall clothed." Biblical examples in the Greek can be found in Philippians 1:15-17 and Colossians 3:11, though the artistry is often lost in English translation. Chiasmus often overlaps with antimetabole.

FINALS

What do you know about an ethnic buffet?

Vocabulary final

Vocabulary #1

1. adumbrate- Report or represent in outline; indicate faintly
2. apotheosis- The highest point in the development of something; culmination or climax.
3. ascetic- Characterized by severe self-discipline and abstention from all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons.
4. bauble-A small, showy trinket or decoration.
5. beguile- Charm or enchant (someone), sometimes in a deceptive way
6. burgeon-Begin to grow or increase rapidly; flourish
7. complement- A thing that completes or brings to perfection.
8. contumacious-Stubbornly or willfully disobedient to authority.
9. curmudgeon-A bad-tempered or surly person.
10. didactic-Intended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive.
11. disingenuous- Not candid or sincere, typically by pretending that one knows less about something than one really does.
12. exculpate-Show or declare that (someone) is not guilty of wrongdoing.
13. faux pas-An embarrassing or tactless act or remark in a social situation.
14. fulminate-Express vehement protest;Develop suddenly and severely
15. fustian-Thick, durable twilled cloth with a short nap, usually dyed in dark colors
16. hauteur-aughtiness of manner; disdainful pride.
17. inhibit-Hinder, restrain, or prevent (an action or process).
18. jeremiad-A long, mournful complaint or lamentation; a list of woes.
19. opportunist-A person who exploits circumstances to gain immediate advantage rather than being guided by principles or plans.
20. unconscionable-Not right or reasonable.                                           

21. Vocabulary #2

    
    

    
    
    

    accoutrements- additional objects to put on your person for a specific task, like equipment used as clothes. The accoutrements of a police officer are his billy club, badge and taser.

    
    

    
    

    
    

    apogee- the highest point of development of something. The apogee of the British empire was when it controlled one third of the globe.

    
    

    
    

    
    

    apropos- concerning something, pertaining to something.  Some topics in Math Analysis seemed apropos to nothing.

    
    

    
    

    
    

    bicker- to argue about trivial maters.  Siblings often bicker.

    
    

    
    

    
    

    coalesce- to come together into something.  In the virtual choir, many singers from around the globe coalesced into one group.

    
    

    
    

    
    

    contretemps- a minor unexpected or unfortunate occurrence.  Many british sitcoms deal with humorous contretemps, often under a large misfortune that is overshadowed by these trivial maters, such as Fawlty Towers and Blackadder.

    
    

    
    

    
    

    convolution- twists, and coils, or a function derived from two functions through integration. The brain is made up of many sinuous convolutions.

    
    

    
    

    
    

    cull- to pick from a large number of options or to amass from much data.  The current text of Beowulf was culled from many different fragments of texts about the epic hero.

    
    

    
    

    
    

    disparate- immensely different.  In economics, they use disparate objects to explain production possibility curves, such as robots and pizzas.

    
    

    
    

    
    

    dogmatic- laying down principles which are not proven true.  The dogmatic theologist lectured about many unproven principles like they were true.

    
    

    
    

    
    

    licentious- promiscuous, or unprincipled sexually.  In the times of Jane Austen, Lydia from pride and Prejudice would have been viewed as licentious.

    
    

    
    

    
    

    mete- to allot punishment.  Many countries say that they care for their citizens, yet they radially mete out to their people.

    
    

    
    

    
    

    noxious- harmful or poisonous.  Many noxious fumes come out of industrial buildings.

    
    

    
    

    
    

    polemic- strongly speaking out against something.  The polemic worker spoke out against his low wages.

    
    

    
    

    
    

    populous- having a large population.  In ecosystems, producers are the most populous part of the food web.

    
    

    
    

    
    

    probity- having moral principles, decency.  Pretentious people often put up a facade of probity.

    
    

    
    

    
    

    repartee- conversation or speech characterized by quick, witty remarks.  When I got to boys state, I impressed one of the counselors by starting a repartee with him.

    
    

    
    

    
    

    supervene- occur later than a specified event or action, often changing plans.  The collapse of the twin towers supervened much of what happened on September 11th, 2009.

    
    

    
    

    
    

    truncate- to shorten something by cutting of the top or end.  In elementary school, kids liked to make shorts by truncating old jeans. 

    
    

    
    

    
    

    unimpeachable- not to be doubted or questioned. The views of many experts are often viewed as unimpeachable.

    
    

    Vocabulary # 3

    apostate: a person who forsakes his religion, cause, party, etc. 
    effusive: pouring out; overflowing. 
    impasse: a position or situation from which there is no escape 
    euphoria:  state of intense happiness and self-confidence 
    lugubrious: mournful, dismal, or gloomy, especially in an affected, exaggerated, or unrelieved manner 
    bravado: a pretentious, swaggering display of courage. 
    consensus: general agreement or concord; harmony. 
    dichotomy: division into two parts, kinds, etc.; subdivision into halves or pairs. 
    constrict: to draw or press in; cause to contract or shrink; compress. 
    gothic: genre or mode of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance 
    punctilio: a fine point, particular, or detail, as of conduct, ceremony, or procedure. 
    metamorphosis: any complete change in appearance, character, circumstances, etc. 
    raconteur: a person who is skilled in relating stories and anecdotes interestingly. 
    sine qua non: an indispensable condition, element, or factor; something essential 
    quixotic: impulsive and often rashly unpredictable.extravagantly chivalrous or romantic; visionary, impractical, or impracticable. 
    vendetta: any prolonged and bitter feud, rivalry, contention, or the like 
    non sequitur: a statement containing an illogical conclusion. 
    mystique: a framework of doctrines, ideas, beliefs, or the like, constructed around a person or object 
    quagmire: a situation from which extrication is very difficult 
    parlous: perilous; dangerous.